我们所感知的世界是否真实

2011.11.22

撰文: 斯蒂芬·霍金(Stephen Hawking) 莱昂纳德·蒙洛迪诺(Leonard Mlodinow);  翻译: 庞玮

  几年前,意大利蒙扎市议会通过了一项法案,禁止市民将金鱼养在圆形鱼缸里观赏。提案者解释说,把金鱼关在圆形鱼缸里非常残忍,因为弯曲的表面会让金鱼眼中的“现实”世界变得扭曲。抛开这一法案给可怜的金鱼带来的福祉不谈,这个故事还提出了一个有趣的哲学问题:我们怎么知道我们感知到的“现实”是真实的?金鱼看见的世界与我们所谓的“现实”不同,但我们怎么能肯定它看到的就不如我们真实?据我们所知,就连我们自己说不定终其一生,也在透过一块扭曲的镜片打量周遭的世界。
  在物理学中,这个问题并非纯理论空想。实际上,物理学家和宇宙学家发现他们自己眼下的处境和金鱼差不多。数十年来,我们一直上下求索,渴望得到一个终极的万有理论,可以用一套完备自洽的基本定律来解释“现实”的方方面面。但现在看来,最后我们得到的或许不是一个单一的理论,而是一大家族相互关联的理论,每个理论对于“现实”都有一套自己的描述,就像透过它自己的圆形鱼缸观察世界一样。对许多人来说,这个观点或许难以接受,其中还包括一些圈内的科学家。大多数人都相信存在一个客观的“现实”,无论是我们的感知还是我们的科学,都在直接表达有关这个物质世界的信息。经典科学就以这样一个信念为基础,即有一个外部世界独立存在,它的属性是确定的,与感知这个世界的观测者无关。在哲学上,这种信念被称为唯实论(realism)。
  不过,对蒂莫西·利里(Timothy Leary)和上世纪60年代记忆犹新的人应该知道另一种可能:“现实”的概念也可以取决于感知者的心灵。这类观点大同小异,有的称为反唯实论(antirealism),有的则称为工具主义(instrumentalism)或唯心论(idealism)。按照这些“主义”,我们所知的世界是由人类心智以感官信息为原料构建的,是由我们大脑中的解释结构塑造的。这种观点或许难以接受,却不难理解。你不可能将观测者,也就是我们自己,从我们对这个世界的感知中抹去。
  随着物理学的逐渐发展,唯实论的地位正变得岌岌可危。在经典物理学中,牛顿体系能非常准确地描述我们的日常体验,对“物体”、“位置”之类术语的诠释也在很大程度上与我们的常识(即我们对那些概念的“现实”理解)相符。然而,作为测量工具,我们人类是非常粗糙的。物理学家已经发现,平常所说的“物体”以及令我们看到它们的光,都是由我们无法直接感知到的物体(如电子和光子)构成的。这些物体遵循的不是经典物理,而是量子论。
  量子论的“现实”与经典物理的“现实”截然不同。在量子论体系中,粒子既没有确定的位置,也没有确定的速度,只有当一个观测者去测量那些量时,它们的值才会确定。有些情况下,单独的物体甚至无法独立存在,只能作为整体的一部分出现。量子物理还极大地挑战了我们对“过去”的认识。在经典物理中,所谓的“过去”就是一系列已成为历史的明确事件,而在量子物理中,“过去”是不确定的,仅仅是一系列事件发生的可能性,跟“未来”没什么两样。甚至连作为一个整体的宇宙,都没有一个明确的过去,或者说历史。因此,量子物理暗含了不同于经典物理的另一种“现实”——虽然经典物理与我们的直觉相符,而且在我们设计建筑、桥梁之类的东西时仍然可以帮上大忙。
  这些例子让我们得出一个结论,为诠释现代科学提供了一个重要框架。在我们看来,“现实”不可能脱离图景或者理论而独立存在。相反,我们采纳了一种新观点,称之为“取决于模型的唯实论”(model-dependent realism)。这种观点认为:每一个物理理论或世界图景都是一个模型,是一套将模型中的要素与观测联系起来的法则。按照取决于模型的唯实论,追问一个模型本身是否真实没有意义,有意义的只在于它是否与观测相符。如果两个模型都与观测相符,那就不能认为其中一个比另一个更加真实。谁都可以根据具体情况选取更方便的那个模型来用。

  别去评判真实

  另类现实(alternative realities)已经成为今日大众文化的主流。例如在科幻电影《黑客帝国》(The Matrix)中,人类就毫无察觉地生活在一个由智能计算机生成的虚拟现实中,计算机通过这种方式让人类保持安定并心满意足,以便从他们的肉身实体上抽取生物能量(姑且相信有这么种能量)。我们怎么能知道自己不是一个由计算机生成的角色,此刻就生活在一个黑客帝国那样的世界中呢?如果我们生活在一个虚拟的、想象的世界中,事件之间就没有必要存在任何逻辑,不必自圆其说,也不用遵循任何规律。掌控这个虚拟世界的外星人说不定仅仅因为有趣或者好玩,纯粹为了看看我们的反应,就会让全世界突然对巧克力深恶痛绝,或者一夜之间消除战争实现世界和平——可是这种事情从来没有发生过。如果外星人坚决不肯违背自洽规律,那我们就没有任何办法确定在这个虚拟现实的背后还存在另一个现实了。你当然可以说,外星人生活的那个世界是“真实”的,计算机生成的世界是假的。然而,生活在虚拟世界里的生物无法从外部观察他们的宇宙(我们也一样),也就没有理由怀疑自己生活的世界并非“现实”。
  金鱼的处境也是如此。它们在圆形玻璃缸里看到的景象与我们在鱼缸外看到的显然不同,但这并不妨碍它们发展出一套科学定律,来描述它们观察到的鱼缸外物体的运动。比方说,由于光在由空气进入水中时会发生偏折,在我们看来做直线运动的一个不受外力的物体,在金鱼看来就应该沿曲线运动。尽管身处一个扭曲的参考系,金鱼仍然可以从中总结出一套始终都很正确的科学规律,让它们能够对鱼缸外的物体未来的运动做出预言。它们的规律会比我们的规律复杂得多,但简单与否只与品味有关。如果金鱼能够发展出这样一套理论,我们就必须承认金鱼的观点也是对“现实”的一个有效描述。
  还有一个发生在真实世界里的著名例子,同样说明对“现实”可以有不同的描述,那就是托勒密的地心说和哥白尼的日心说之争。尽管人们通常都说,哥白尼证明了托勒密是错的,但事实并非如此。哥白尼和托勒密就好比我们和金鱼,选择任何一种描述作为宇宙模型都可以,因为无论假设是地球不动还是太阳不动,我们都能很好地解释我们观察到的天象变化。抛开哥白尼的日心说在有关宇宙本质的哲学争论上所起的作用不论,它的真正优势只不过在于运动方程在太阳静止不动的参考系中更为简洁而已。
  取决于模型的唯实论不仅对科学模型适用,对我们创造出来表述和理解周围世界的意识和潜意识心智模型也同样有效。例如,人类大脑从视觉神经接收原始信息,将来自双眼的信息综合起来,增强细节并填补诸如视觉盲点之类造成的信息缺失。不仅如此,大脑还从视网膜接收到的二维信息中创造出了三维空间感。你觉得自己看到了一把椅子,实际上不过是利用椅子上散射的光,建立起了一个心智图像,或者说是椅子的模型。人类大脑非常擅长这种模型构建,如果给人带上一副特殊眼镜,让呈现在他眼睛里的图像上下颠倒,大脑会改变这个模型让他看到上下不颠倒的物体——但愿在他想坐下来之前,这种改变就已经完成。

  管窥深层理论

  在追寻终极物理理论的探索中,从未有哪个理论像弦论(string theory)这样让人满怀希望,又如此饱受质疑。弦论是20 世纪70 年代被首次提出的一种尝试,目的就是要将自然界中所有的作用力都统一到同一个理论框架中去——确切地说,是要把引力并入量子物理体系。然而到了20 世纪90 年代初,物理学家发现弦论遇到了一个尴尬的问题,那就是同时存在5 种不同的弦论。对于鼓吹弦论是唯一可行万有理论的那些人来说,这确实相当难堪。到了90 年代中期,研究者开始发觉,这些不同的理论,以及后来才出现的所谓超引力论(supergravity),其实都是在描述同一个现象,这给了他们一些希望,认为这些理论最终可以统为一体。确实,这些理论通过物理学家所说的“对偶性” (duality)彼此关联,这种对偶性就像是在不同概念之间来回变换的某种数学词典。但很可惜,每种理论只能很好地描述某一特定条件范围内的现象——比如说低能现象。没有哪个理论能够描述宇宙的方方面面。
  弦论学家现在相信,这5 种不同的弦论只是对更基本的一种理论的不同近似,后者被称为M 理论。[似乎没有人知道这里的M 代表什么,可能是Master(统领),可能是Miracle (奇迹),也可能是Mystery(神秘),或者兼而有之。]尽管人们还在努力参详M 理论的本质,但看上去长期以来期待的单一终极理论或许不会出现,要描述宇宙万物,我们必须针对不同情况选择不同的理论。因此,M 理论不是通常意义上的单个理论,而是众多理论组成的一个网络。这有点类似于地图。要将整个地球如实记录在二维平面地图上,人们必须使用一套地图,其中每一张只覆盖一个有限区域。这些地图会互有重叠,在这些重叠的区域,不同地图都展示出相同的地貌。与此类似,M 理论大家族中的不同理论看上去可能千差万别,但都可以看成是同一个底层理论的某种版本,在适用范围相互重叠之处,它们都会预言相同的现象,但没有哪个理论能够涵盖所有情况。
  只要我们发展出一个描述世界的模型,并且发现它大获成功,我们就会说这个理论描述了“现实”,或者说绝对真理。但就像金鱼那个例子一样,M 理论表明同样的物理场景可以用不同的模型来描述,每个模型都有一套不同的基本要素和基本概念。或许,要描述整个宇宙,我们必须在不同情况下使用不同的理论。每个理论对于“现实”或许都有各自不同的理解,但根据基于模型的唯实论,“现实”的这种多样性是可以接受的,不可以说哪一种“现实”比其他“现实”更真实。这不是物理学家传统意义上期待的大统一理论,跟我们日常对“现实”的理解也相去甚远。但这或许正是宇宙的本来面目。
(本文来自科学美国人杂志中文版《环球科学》11月号:原题:真实世界的“真实”)

德彪西 版画 Achille Claude Debussy Estampes L.100 I.II.III.

2011.09.17

Man Eating Cats

2011.09.17

http://www.geocities.jp/yoshio_osakabe/Haruki/Books/Man-Eating-E.html

Man-Eating-Cats

by Haruki Murakami
Ttranslated by Philip Gabriel

I bought a newspaper at the harbor and came across an article about an old woman who had been eaten by cats. She was seventy years old and lived alone in a small suburb of Athens — a quiet sort of life, just her and her three cats in a small one-room apartment. One day, she suddenly keeled over face down on the sofa — a heart attack, most likely. Nobody knew how long it had taken for her to die after she collapsed. The old woman didn’t have any relatives or friends who visited her regularly, and it was a week before her body was discovered. The windows and door were closed, and the cats were trapped. There wasn’t any food in the apartment. Granted, there was probably something in the fridge, but cats haven’t evolved to the point where they can open refrigerators. On the verge of starvation, they were forced to devour their owner’s flesh.

I read this article to Izumi, who was sitting across from me. On sunny days, we’d walk to the harbor, buy a copy of the Athens English-language newspaper, and order coffee at the cafe next door to the tax office, and I’d summarize in Japanese anything interesting I might come across. That was the extent of our daily schedule on the island. If something in a particular caught our interest, we’d bat around opinions for a while, Izumi’s English was pretty fluent, and she could easily have read the articles herself. But I never once saw her pick up a paper.

“I like to have someone to read to me,” she explained. “It’s been my dream ever since.

I was a child — to sit in a sunny place, gave at the sky or the sea, and have someone read aloud to me. I don’t care what they read — a newspaper, a textbook, a novel. It doesn’t matter. But no one’s ever read to me before. So I suppose that means you’re making up for all those lost opportunities. Besides, I love your voice.”

We had the sky and the sea there, all right. And I enjoyed reading aloud. When I lived in Japan, I used to read picture books aloud to my son. Reading aloud is different from just sentences with your eyes. Something quite unexpected wells up in your mind, a kind of indefinable resonance that I find impossible to resist.

Taking the occasional sip of bitter coffee, I slowly read the artic1e to Izumi. I’d read a few lines to myself, mull over how to put them into Japanese, then translate aloud. A few bees popped up from somewhere to lick the jam that a previous customer spilled on the table. They spent a moment lapping it up, then, as if suddenly remembering something, flew into the air with a ceremonious buzz, circled the table a couple of times, and then — again as if something had jogged their memory — settled once more on the tabletop. After I had finished reading the whole article, Izumi sat there, unmoving, elbow resting on the table. She put the tips of the fingers of her right hand against those of her left to form a tent. I rested the paper on my lap and gazed at her slim hands. She looked at me through the spaces between her fingers.

“Then what happened?” she asked.

“That’s it” I replied, and folded up the paper. I took a handkerchief out of my pocket and wiped the flecks of coffee grounds off my lips. “At least, that’s all it says.”

“But what happened to The cats?”

I stuffed the handkerchief back in my pocket. “I have no idea. It doesn’t say.”

Izumi pursed her lips to one side, her own litt1e habit. Whenever she was about to give an opinion ? which always took the form of a mini-declaration ? she pursed her lips like that, as if she were yanking a bed sheet to smooth out a stray wrinkle. When I first met her, I found this habit quite charming.

“Newspapers are all the same, no matter where you go,” she finally announced. “They never tell you what you really want to know.”

She took a Salem out of its box, put it in her mouth, and struck a match. Every day, she smoked one pack of Salem — no more, no less. She’d open a new pack in the morning x and smoke it up by the end of the day. I didn’t smoke. My wife had made me quit, five years ear1ier, when she was pregnant.

“What I really want to know.” Izumi began, the smoke from her cigarette silently curling up into the air, “is what happened to the cats afterward. Did the authorities kill them because they’d eaten human fresh? Or did they say, ‘Yon guys have had a tough time of it,’ give them a pat on the head, and send them on their way? What do you think?”

I gazed at the bees hovering over the table and thought about it. For a fleeting instant; the restless little bees licking up the jam and the three cats devouring the old woman’s flesh became one in my mind. A distant seagulls shrill squawk overlapped the buzzing of the bees, and for a second or two my consciousness strayed on the border between reality and the unreal. Where was I? Whet was I doing here? I couldn’t get a purchase on the situation. I took a deep breath, gazed up at the sky, and turned to Izumi.

“I have no idea.”

“Think about it. If you were that town’s mayor or chief of police, what would you do with those cats?”

“How about putting them in an institution to reform them?” I said. “Turn them into vegetarians.”

Izumi didn’t laugh. She took a drag on her cigarette and ever slowly let out a stream of smoke. “That story reminds me of a lecture I heard just after I started at my Catholic junior high school. Did I tell you I went to a very strict Catholic schoo1? Just after the entrance ceremony, one of the head nuns had us all assemble in an auditorium, and then she went up to the podium and gave a talk about Catholic doctrine. She told us a lot of things, but what I remember most ? actually, the only thing I remember ? is this story about being shipwrecked on a desert island with a cat.”

“Sound interesting,” I said.

“‘You’re in a shipwreck,’ she told us. ‘The only ones who make it to the lifeboat are you and a cat. You land on some nameless desert island, and there’s nothing there to eat. All yon have is enough water and dry biscuit to sustain one person for about ten days.’ She said, ‘A11 right, everyone, I’d like you to imagine yourselves in this situation. Close your eyes and try to picture it. You alone on the desert island, just you and the cat. You have almost no food at all. Do you understand? You’re hungry, thirsty, and eventually you’ll die. What should you do? Should you share your meagre store of food with the cat? No you should not. That would be a mistake. You are all precious beings, chosen by God, and the cat is not. That’s why you should eat all the food yourself.’ The nun gave us this deadly serious look. I was a bit shocked. What could possibly be the point of telling a story like that to kids who’d just started at the school? I thought, Whoa, what kind of place have I got myself into?”

Izumi and I were living in an efficiency apartment on a small Greek island. It was off-season, and the island wasn’t exactly a tourist spot, so the rent was cheap. Neither of us had heard of thy island before we got there. It lay near the border of Turkey, and on clear day you could just make out the green Turkish mountains. On windy days, the local joked, you could smell the shish kebab. All joking aside, our island was closer to the Turkish shore than to the next closest Greek island, and there — looming right before our eyes — was Asia Minor.

In the town square, there was a statue of a hero of Greek independence. He had led an insurrection on the Greek mainland and planned an uprising against the Turks, who controlled the island then. But the Turk captured him put him to death. They set up a sharpened stake in the square beside the harbor, stripped the hapless hero naked, and lowered him onto it. The weight of his body drove the stake through his anus and then the rest of his body until it finally came out of his mouth ? an incredibly slow, excruciating way to die. The statue was erected on the spot where this was supposed to have happened. When it was first built, it must have been impressive, but now, what with the sea wind, dust, and seagull droppings, von could barely make out the mans features. The locals hardly gave the shabby statue a passing glance, and for his part the hero looked as though he’d turned his back on the people, the island, the world.

When Izumi and I sat at our outdoor cafe, drinking coffee or beer, aimlessly gazing at the boat in the harbor and at the far-off Turkish hills, we were sitting at the edge of Europe. The wind was the wind at the edge of the world. An inescapable retro color filled the place. It made me feel as if I were being quiet1y swa11owed up by an alien reality, something foreign and just out of reach, vague yet strangely gentle. And the shadow of that substance colored the faces, the eyes, the skin of the people gathered in the harbor.

At times, I couldn’t grasp the fact that I was part of this scene. No matter how much I took in the scenery around me, no matter how much I breathed in the air, there was no organic connection between me and all this.

Two months before, I had been living with my wife and our four-year-o1d son in a three-bedroom apartment in Unoki, in Tokyo. Not a spacious place, just your basic, functional apartment. My wife and I had our own bedroom, so did our son, and the remaining room served as my study. The apartment was quiet, with a nice view. On weekend, the three of us would take wa1k along the banks of the Tama River. In spring, the cherry trees by the river would blossom, and I’d put my son on the back of my bike, and we’d go off to watch the Tokyo Giants Triple A team in spring training.

I worked at a medium-sized design company that specialized in book and magazine layouts. Calling me a “designer” makes it sound more than it was, since the work was fairly cut-and-dried. Nothing flamboyant or imaginative. Most of the time, our schedule was a bit too hectic, and several times a month I had to pull an all-nighter at the office. Some of the work bored me to tears. Still, I didn’t mind the job, and the company was a relaxed place. Because I had seniority, I was able to pick and choose my assignment and say pretty much whatever wanted to. My boss was O.K., and I got along with my co-workers. And the salary wasn’t half bad. So if nothing had happened, I probably would have stayed with the company for the foreseeable future. And my life, like the Moldau River — or, more precisely, the nameless water that makes up the Moldau River — would have continued to flow, ever so swiftly; into the sea.

But then I met Izumi.

Izumi was ten years younger than I was. We met at a business meeting. Something clicked between us the first time we laid eyes on each other. Not the kind of thing that happens all that often. We met a couple of times after that, to go over the details of our joint project. I’d go to her offices or she’d drop by mine. Our meetings were always short, other people were involved, and it was basically all business. When our project was finished, though, a terrible loneliness swept over me; as if something absolutely vital had been forcibly snatched from my grasp. I hadn’t felt like that in years. And I think she felt the same way.

A week later, she phoned my office about some minor matter and we chatted for a bit. I told a joke, and she laughed. “Want to go out for a drink?” I asked. We went to a small bar and had a few drinks. I can’t recall exactly what we talked about, but we found a million topics and could have talked forever. With a laserlike clarity, I could grasp everything she wanted to say. And things I couldn’t explain well to anyone else came across to her with an exactness that took me by surprise. We were both married, with no major complaints about our married lives. We loved our spouses and respected them. Still, this was on the order of a minor miracle ? running across someone to wham you can express your feeling so clearly, so comp1ete1y. Most people go their entire lives without meeting a person like that. It would have been a mistake to label this “love”. It was more like total empathy.

We started going out regularly for drinks. Her husband’s job kept him out late, so she was free to come and go as she pleased. When got together, though, the time just flew by. We’d look at our watches and discover that we could barely make the last train. It was always hard for me to say goodbye. There was so much more we wanted to tell each other.

Neither one of us lured the other to bed, but we did start sleeping together. We’d both been faithful to our spouses up to that point, but somehow we didn’t feel guilty, for the simple reason that we had to do it. Undressing her, caressing her skin, holding her close, slipping inside her, coming — it was all just a natural extension of our conversations. So natural that our lovemaking was not a source of heartrending physical pleasure; it was just a calm, pleasant act, stripped of all pretense. Best of all were our quiet talks in bed after sex. I’d hold her naked body close, and she’d curl up in my arms, and we’d whisper secrets in our own private language.

We met whenever we could. Strangely enough, or perhaps not so strangely, we were absolutely convinced that our relationship could go on forever, or married lives on one side of the equation, our own relationship on the other, with no problems arising. We were convinced that our affair would never come to light. Sure we had sex, but how was that hurting anyone? On night when I slept with Izumi, I’d get home late and have to make up some lie to tell my wife, and I did feel a pang of conscience, but it never seemed be an actual betrayal. Izumi and I had a strictly compartmentalized yet totally intimate relationship.

And if nothing had happened, maybe we would have continued like that forever, sipping our vodka-and-tonics, slipping between the sheets whenever we could. Or maybe we would have got tired of lying to our spouses and decided to let the affair die a natura1 death so that we could return to comfortable little life styles. Either way, I don’t think things would have turned out badly. I can’t prove it; I just have that fee1ing. But a twist of fate — inevitable, in retrospect — intervened, and Izumi’s husband got wind of our affair. After grilling her, he barged into my home, totally out of control. As luck would have it, my wife was alone at the time, and the whole thing turned ugly. When I got home, she demanded that I explain what going on. Izumi had already admitted everything, so I couldn’t very well make up some story. I told my wife exactly what happened. “It’s not like I’m in love,” I explained. “It’s a special relationship, but comp1etely different from what I have with von. Like night and day. You haven’t detecte4 anything going on, right? That proves it’s not the kind of affair you’re imagining.”

But my wife refused to listen. It was a shock, and she froze and literally wouldn’t speak another word to me. The next day, she packed al1 her things in the car and drove to her parents’ place, in Chigasaiki, taking our son with her. I called a couple of times, but she wouldn’t come to the phone. Her father came on instead. “I don’t want to hear any of your lame excuse,” he warned, “and there’s no way I’m going to let my daughter go back to a bastard like you.” He’d been dead set against our marriage from the start, and his tone of voice said he’d finally been proved right.

At a complete loss, I took a few days off and just lay forlornly alone in bd. Izumi phoned me. She was alone, too. Her husband had left her, as well, but not before slapping her around a bit. He had taken a pair of scissors to every stitch of clothing she owned. From her overcoat to her underwear, it all lay in tatters. She had no idea where he had gone. “I’m exhausted,” she said. “I don’t know what to do. Everything is ruined, and it’ll never be the same again. He’s never coming back.” She sobbed over the phone. She and her husband had been high~schoo1 sweethearts. I wanted to comfort her, but what could I possibly say?

“Let’s go somewhere and have a drink,” she finally suggested. We went to Shibuya and drank until drawn at an allnight bar. Vodka gimlet for me, Daiquiris for her. I lost track of how much we drank. For the first time since we’d met, we didn’t have much to say. At down, we worked off the liquor by walking over to Harajuku, where we had coffee and breakfast at a Denny’s. That’s when she brought up the idea of going to Greece.

“Greece'” I asked,

“We can’t very well stay in Japan,” she said, looking deep into my eyes.

I turned the idea around in my mind. Greece? My vodka-soaked brain couldn’t follow the logic.

“I’ve always wanted to go to Greece,” she said. “It’s been my dream. I wanted to go on my honeymoon, but we didn’t have enough money. So let’s go ? the two of us. And just live there, you know, with no worries about anything. Staying in Japan’s just going to depress us, and nothing good will come of it.”

I didn’t have any particular interest in Greece, but I had to agree with her. We calculated how much money we had between us. She had two and a half million yen in savings, while I could come up with about one and a half million. Four million yen altogether –about forty thousand dollars.

“Forty thousand dollars should last a few years in the Geek countryside,” Izumi said. Discount plane tickets would set us back around four thousand. That leaves thirty-six. Figure a thousand a month, and that’s enough for three years. Two and a half, to be on the safe side. What do you say? Let’s go. We’ll let things sort themselves out later on.”

I looked around. The early-morning Denny’s was crowded with young couples. We were the only couple over thirty. And surely the only couple discussing taking all our money and fleeing to Greece after a disastrous affair. What a mess, I thought. I gazed at the palm of my hand for the longest time. Was this really what my life had come to?

“All right,” I said finally. “Let’s do it.”

At work next day, I handed in my letter of resignation. My boss had heard rumors and decided that it was best to put me on extended leave for the time being. My colleagues were startled to hear that 1 wanted to quit, but no one tried very hard to talk me out of it. Quitting a job is not so difficult, after all, I discovered. Once you make up your mind to get rid of something, there’s very little you can’t discard. No ? not very little. Once you put your mind to it, there’s nothing you can’t get rid of. And once you start tossing things out, you find yourself wanting to get rid of everything. It’s as if you’d gambled away almost all your money and decided, What the hell, I’ll bet what’s left. Too much trouble to cling to the rest.

I packed everything I thought and need into one medium-sized blue Samsonite suitcase. Izumi took about the same amount of baggage.

As we were flying over Egypt, I was suddenly gripped by a terrible fear that someone else had taken my bag by mistake. There had to be tens of thousands of identical blue Samsonite bags in the world. Maybe I’d get to Greece, open up the suitcase, and find it stuffed with some else’s possessions. A severe anxiety attack swept over me. If the suitcase got lost, there would be nothing left to link me to my own life ? just Izumi. I suddenly felt as if I had vanished. It was the weirdest sensation. The person sitting on that plane was no longer me. My brain had mistakenly attached itself to some convenient packaging that looked like me. My mind was in utter chaos. I had to go back to Japan and get back inside my real body. But here was in a jet, flying over Egypt, and there was no turning back. This flesh I was temporarily occupying felt as if it were made out of plaster. If I scratched myself, pieces would flake off. I began to shiver uncontrollably, and I couldn’t stop. I knew that if these shakes continued much longer the body I was in would crack apart and turn to dust. The plane was air-conditioned, but I broke out in a sweat. My shirt stuck to my skin. An awful smell arose from me. All the while, Izumi held my hand tightly and gave me the occasional hug. She didn’t say a word, but she knew how I was feeling. The shake went on for a good half hour; I wanted to die — to stick the barrel of a revolver in my ear and pull the trigger, so that my mind and my flesh would turn to dust.

After the shakes subsided, though, I suddenly felt lighter. I relaxed my tense shoo1der and gave myself up to the flow of time. I fell into a deep sleep, and when I opened my eye, there below me lay the azure waters of the Aegean.

The biggest problem facing us on the island was an almost total lack of things to do. We didn’t work, we had no friends. The island had no movie theatres or tennis courts or books to read. We’d left Japan so abruptly that I had completely forgotten to bring books. I read two novels I’d picked up at the airport, a copy of Aeschylus’ tragedies that

Izumi had brought along. I read them all twice. To cater to tourists, the kiosk at the harbor stocked a few English paperbacks, but nothing caught my eye. Reading was my passion, and I’d always imagined that if I had free time I’d wallow in books, but, ironical1y, here I was — with all the time in the world and nothing to read.

Izumi started studying Greek. She’d brought along a Greek-language text, and made a chart of verb conjugations that she carried around, reciting verbs aloud like a spell. She got to the point where she was able to talk to the shopkeepers in her broken Greek, and to the waiters when we stepped by the cafe, so we managed to make a few acquaintances. Not to be outdone, I dusted off my French. I figured it would come in handy someday, but on this seedy little island I never ran across a sou1 who spoke French. In town, we were able to get by with English. Some of the old people knew Italian or German. French, though, was useless.

With nothing much to do, we walked everywhere. We tried fishing in the harbor but didn’t catch a thing. Lack of fish wasn’t the problem; it was water was too clear. Fish could see al1 the way from the hook up to the face of the person trying to catch the. You’d have to be a pretty dumb fish to get caught that way. I bought sketchbook and a set of watercolors at a local shop and tramped around the island sketching the scenery and the people. Izumi would sit beside me, looking at my paintings, memorizing her Greek conjugations. Local people often came to watch me sketch. To kill time, I’d draw their portrait, which seemed to be a big hit. If I gave them the picture, they’d often treat us to a beer. Once, a fisherman gave us a whole octopus.

“You could make a living doing portraits, Izumi said. “You’re good, and you could male a nice little business out of it. Play up the fact that you’re a Japanese artist. Can’t be many of them around here.”

I laughed, but her expression was serious. I pictured myself trekking around the Greek isles, picking up spare change drawing portraits, enjoying the occasional free beer. Not such a bad idea, I concluded.

“And I’ll be a tour coordinator for Japanese tourists,” Izumi continued. “There should be more of them as time goes by, and that will help make ends meet. Of course, that means I’ll have to get serious about learning Greek.”

“Do you really think we can spend two and a half years doing nothing?” I asked.

“As long as we don’t get robbed or sick or something. Barring the unforeseen, we should be able to get by. Still, it’s always good to prepare for the unexpected.”

Until then, I’d almost never been to a doctor, I told her.

Izumi stared straight at me, pursed her lips, and moved them to one side.

“Say I got pregnant;” she began. “What would you do? You protect yourself the best you can, but people make mistakes. If that happened, our money would run out pretty quick”

If it comes to that, we should probably go back to Japan.” I said.

“You don’t get it. do you?” she said quietly “We can never go back to Japan.”

Izumi continued her study of Greek, I my sketching. This was the most peaceful time in my whole life. We ate simply and carefully sipped the cheapest wines. Every day, we’d climb a nearby hill. There was a small village on top, and from there we could see other islands far away. With all the fresh air and exercise, I was soon in good shape. After the sun set on the island, you cou1dn’t hear a sound. And in that silence Izumi and I would quietly make love and talk about all kinds of things. No more worrying about making the last train, or coming up with lies tell our spouses. It was wonderful beyond belief. Autumn deepened bit by bit, and early winter came on. The wind picked up, and there were witecaps in the sea.

It was around this time that we read the story about the man-~eating cat. In the same paper, there was a report about the Japanese emperor’s condition worsening, but we’d bought it only to cheek on exchange rates. The yen was continuing to gain against the drachma. This was vital for us; the stronger the yen, the more money we had.

“Speaking of cats,” I said. a few days after we’d read the article, “when I was a child I had a cat who disappeared in the strangest way.”

Izumi seemed to want to hear more. She lifted her face from her conjugation chart and looked at me “How so?”

“I was in second, maybe third grade. We lived in a company house that had a big garden. There was this ancient pine tree in the garden, so tall you could barely see the top of it. One day, I was sitting on the back porch reading a book, while our tortoiseshell car was playing in the garden. The cat was leaping about by itself, the way cats do sometimes. It was all worked up something, completely oblivious of the fact that I was watching it. The 1onger I watched, the more frightened I became. The cat seemed possessed, jumping around, its fur standing on end. It was as if it was something that I. couldn’t. Finally, it started racing around and around the pine tree, just like the tiger in ‘Little Black Sambo.’ Then it screeched to an abrupt halt and scrambled up the tree to the highest branches. I could just make out its little face way up in the topmost branches. The cat was still excited and tense. It was hiding in the branches, staring out at something. I called its name, but it acted like it didn’t hear me.”

“What was the cat’s name?” Izumi asked.

“I forget,” I told her. “Gradually, evening came on, and it grew darker. I was worried and waited for a long time for the cat to climb down. Finally, it got pitch dark And we never saw the cat again.”

“That’s not so unusual,” Izumi said. “Cats often disappear like that. Especially when they’re in heat. They get overexcited and then can’t remember how to get home. The cat must have come down from the pine tree and gone off somewhere when you weren’t watching.”

“I suppose,” I said. “But I was still a kid then, and I was positive that the cat had decided to live up in the tree. There had to be some reason that it couldn’t come down. Every day, I’d sit on the porch and look up at the pine tree, hoping to see the cat peeking out between the branches.”

Izumi seemed to have lost interest. She lit her second Salem, then raised her head and looked at me.

“Do you think about your child sometime?” She asked.

I had no idea how to respond. “Sometimes I do,” I said honestly. “But not all the time. Occasionally something will remind me.”

“Don’t you want to see him?”

“Sometime I do,” I said. But that was a lie, I just thought that that was the way I was supposed to feel. Whenever I was living with my son, I thought he was the cutest thing I’d ever seen. Whenever I got home late, I’d always go to my son’s room first, to see his sleeping face. Sometimes I was seized by a desire to squeeze him so hard he might break. Now everything about him — his face, his voice, his actions — existed in a distant land. All I could recal1 with any clarity was the smell of his soap. I liked to take baths with him and scrub him. He had sensitive skin, so my wife always kept a special bar of soap just for him. All I could recall about my own son was the smell of that soap.

“If you want to go back to Japan, don’t let me stop you,” lzumi said, “Don’t worry about me. I’d manage somehow.”

I nodded. But I knew that it wasn’t going to happen.

“I wonder if your child will think of you that way when he’s grown up,” Izumi said. “Like you were a cat who disappeared up a pine tree.”

I laughed. “Maybe so,” I said.

Izumi crushed out her cigarette in the ashtray and sighed. “Let’s go home and make love, all right?” she said.

“It’s still morning”, I said.

“What’s wrong with that?”

“Not a thing,” I said.

Later, when I woke up in the middle of the night, Izumi wasn’t there. I looked at my watch next to the bed. Twelve-thirty; I fumbled for the lamp, switched it on, and gazed around the room. Everything was as quiet as if someone had stolen in while I slept and sprinkled silent dust all around. Two bent Sa1em butts were in the ashtray, a balled-up empty cigarette pack beside them. I got out of bed and looked out at the living room. Izumi wasn’t there. She wasn’t in the kitchen or the bathroom. I opened the door and looked out at the front yard. Just a pair of vinyl lounge chairs, bathed in the brilliant moonlight. “Izumi,” I called out in a small voice. Nothing. I called out again, this time more loudly. My heart pounded. Was this my voice? It sounded too loud, unnatural. Still no reply. A faint breeze from the sea rustled the tips of the pampas grass. I shut the door; went back to the kitchen, and poured myself half a glass of wine, to calm down.

Radiant moonlight poured in the kitchen window, throwing weird shadow, the walls and floor. The whole thing looked like the symbolic set of some avant-garde play. I suddenly remembered; the night the cat had disappeared up the pine tree had been exactly like this one, a full moon with not a wisp of cloud. After dinner that night, I’d gone to the porch again to look for the cat. As the night had deepened, the moonlight had brightened. For some inexp1icab1e reason, I couldn’t take my eyes off the pine tree. From time to time I was sure that I could make out the cat’s eyes, sparkling between the branches. But it was just an illusion.

I tugged on a thick sweater and a pair of jeans, snatched up the coins on the table, put them in my pocket, and went outside. Izumi must have had trouble sleeping and gone out for a walk. That had to be it. The wind had completely died down All I could hear was the sound of my tennis shoes crunching along the gravel, like in an exaggerated movie soundtrack. Izumi must have gone to the harbor, I decided. There was only one road to the harbor, so I cou1dn’t miss her. The lights in the house along the road were all off, the moonlight dyeing the ground silver. It looked like the bottom of the sea.

About halfway to the harbor, I heard the faint sound of music and came to a halt. At first I thought it was a hallucination ? like when the air pressure changes and you hear a ringing in your ears. But, listening carefully, I was able to make out a melody. I held my breath and listened as hard as I could. No doubt about it, it was music. Somebody playing an instrument. Live, unamplified music. But what kind of instrument was it? The mandolinlike instrument that Anthony Quinn danced to in “Zorba the Greek”? A bouzouki? But who would be playing a bouzouki in the middle of the night? And where?

The music seemed to be coming from the village at the top of the hill we climbed every day for exercise. I stood at the crossroads, wondering what to do, which direction to take. Izumi must have heard the same music at this very spot. And I had a distinct feeling that if she had she would have headed toward it.

I took the plunge and turned right at the crossroads, heading up the slope I knew so well. There were no trees lining the path, just knee-high thorny bushes away in the shadows of the cliffs. The farther I walked the louder and more distinct the music grew. I could make out the melody more clearly; too. There was a festive flashiness to it. I imagined some sort of banquet being held in the village on top of the hill. Then I remembered that earlier that day, at the harbor, we had seen a lively wedding procession. This must be the wedding banquet, going on into the night.

Just then — without warning — I disappeared.

Maybe it was the moonlight, or that midnight music. With each step I took, I felt myself sinking deeper into a quicksand where my identity vanished; it was the same emotion I’d had on the plane, flying over Egypt. This wasn’t me walking in the moonlight. It wasn’t me but a stand-in, fashioned out of plaster. I rubbed my hand against my face. But it wasn’t my face. And it wasn’t my hand. My heart pounded in my chest, sending the blood coursing through my body at a crazy speed. This body was a plaster puppet, a voodoo doll into which some sorcerer had breathed a fleeting life. The glow of real life was missing. My makeshift, phony muscles were just going through the motions. I was a puppet, to be some sacrifice.

So where is the real me? I wondered.

Suddenly, Izumi’s voice came out of nowhere. The real you has been eaten by the cats. While you’ve been standing here, those hungry cats have devoured you — eaten you all up. All that’s left is bones.

I looked around. It was an illusion, of course. All I could see was the rockstrewn ground, the low bushes, and their tiny shadow. The voice had been n my head.

Stop thinking such dark thoughts, I told myself. As if trying to avoid a huge wave, I clung to a rock at the bottom of the sea and held my breath. The wave would surely pass by. You’re just tired, I told myself, and overwrought. Grab on ‘to what’s real. It doesn’t matter what ? just grab something real. I reached into my pocket for the coins. They grew sweaty in my hand.

I tried hard to think of something else. My sunny apartment back in Unoki. The record collection I’d left behind. My nice little jazz collection. My specialty was white jazz pianist of the fifties and sixties. Lennie Tristano, Al Haig, Claude Williamson, Lou Levy, Russ Freeman … Most of the albums were out of print, and it had taken a lot of time and money to collect them. I had diligently made the rounds of record shops, making trades with other collectors, slowly building up my archives. Most of the performances weren’t what you’d call “first-rate.” But I loved the unique, intimate atmosphere those musty old records conveyed. The world would be a pretty dull place if it were made up of only the first-rate, right? Every detail of those record jackets came back to me ? the weight and heft of the albums in my hands.

But now they were all gone forever. And I’d obliterated them myself. Never again in this lifetime would I hear those records.

I remembered the smell of tobacco when I kissed Izumi. The feel of her lips and tongue. I closed my eyes. I wanted her beside me. I wanted her to hold my hand, as sec had when we flew over Egypt, and never let go.

The wave finally passed over me and away; and with it the music.

Had they stopped playing? Certainly that was a possibility. After all, it was nearly one o’clock. Or maybe there had never been any music to begin with. That, too, was entirely possible. I no longer trusted my hearing. I closed my eyes again and sank down into my consciousness ? dropped a thin, weighted line down into that darkness. Bu I couldn’t hear a thing. Not even an echo.

I looked at my watch. And realized I wasn’t wearing one. Sighing, I stuck both hands in my pockets. I didn’t really care about the time. I looked up at the sky. The moon was a cold rock, its skin eaten away by the violence of the years. The shadows on its surface were like a cancer extending its awful feelers. The moonlight plays tricks with people’s minds. And makes cats disappear. Maybe it had made Izumi disappear. Maybe it’ had all been carefully choreographed, beginning with that one night long ago.

I stretched, bent my arms, my fingers. Should I continue, or go back the way I came? Where had Izumi gone? Without her, how was I supposed to go on living, all by myself on this backwater island? She was the only thing that held together the fragile, provisional me

I continued to climb uphill. I’d come this far and might as well reach the top. Had there really been music there? I had to see for myself, even if only the faintest of clues remained. In five minutes, I had reached the summit. To the south, the hill sloped down to the sea, the harbor, and the sleeping town. A scattering of street lights lit the coast road. The other side of the mountain was wrapped in darkness. There was no indication whatsoever that a lively festival had taken place here only a short while before.

I returned to the cottage and downed a glass of brandy. I tried to go to sleep, bit I couldn’t. Until the eastern sky grew light, I was held in the grip of the moon. Then, suddenly, I pictured those cats, starving to death in a 1ocked apartment. I — the real me — was dead, and they were alive, eating my flesh, biting into my heart, sucking My blood, devouring my penis. Far away, I could hear they lapping up my brains. Like Macbeth’s witches, the three lithe cats surrounded my broken head, slurping up that thick soup inside. The tips of their rough tongues licked the soft folds of my mind. And with each lick my consciousness flickered like a flame and faded away.

为了生存

2011.09.03

《科幻世界》1998 第10期 – 校园科幻

  韩楠

  这是一个古老的日本寓言——一条懒惰的蛇饥饿极了,却找不到食物,于是,它吃掉了自己的尾巴。之后,当它再次感觉到饥饿时,它很快就做出了决定,把自己的下半截吃掉。又一次饥饿时,它吃掉了自己的上半身……就这样,它把自己整个吃掉了。
  我曾以为,这个寓言只是在讲懒惰,并且它和童话一样不真实。
  一切都缘于一场不幸的事故。现在,我只能独自在这颗红色行星上守住电台,等待着四个月后的救援。
  其实我应该庆幸我的好运气,至少这里没有恶劣的天气,氧气充足不会让我闷死。可是周遭却一派死寂,一看就知道,我不可能在这里找到任何食物。而我当前的任务很简单明确:找到食物,活到救援飞船到来。
  我现在仅有少得可怜的一点儿干粮,一把我最喜爱的古老的左轮手枪——如果我不能用它打猎,至少还可以用它来自杀,还有一台克隆机和一些高能燃料。高能燃料虽然不能当饭吃,至少还可以生火取暖,或烧烤食品——虽然我没有食物。可克隆机,尽管它完好无缺,如果现在给它高能燃料,再放上一点我的表皮,就会凭空跳出一个我来,但我现在并不急于复制一个“我”来与我谈天说地,并分享我少得可怜的干粮。最可恼的是干粮无法克隆!
  我需要能量来维持我的生命,在这里,我只要找到食物维持四个月就可以了。可是这却是多么遥不可及的愿望呀……
  几天后,我木然坐在地上,尽量少消耗能量,我已经吃完那点干粮了。唔,在没有食物时男人可以支持七天,我抓着那支华丽的手枪,用一半的心思来思考是自杀还是饿死,另一半心思继续考虑食物来源,尽管我已经想了几天也没有头绪,可还是像溺水的人想抓根稻草。现在,饥饿的感觉在吞噬着我,我已经在想吃自己的那只手臂了。
  高能燃料还在炉子里分解成光和热。我绝望地看着温暖的火苗,不由胡思乱想起来。一个念头如灵光一闪:克隆机就是我的希望。我激动万分,把饥饿的感觉化为动力,立刻行动起来,为活下去而努力……
  直到克隆机内的肉块成形后,我才意识到令我垂涎欲滴的那块肉是一个胎儿,实际上,他就是我!
  当然,我下意识地放进去的是我的表皮。可他是我,在几个小时后,他就会长得和我一样大,有和我一样的思维方式和面容,以及我的记忆。他将从克隆机中走出来,作为我以后许多天的食物。我害怕了,我无法面对如此残酷的现实,但我也没有勇气中止克隆,他是我生存的希望。我知道,如果要支撑四个月,这个过程不会只有一次,一次复制不可能让我吃四个月。我在希望与恐惧之间无所适从。
  时间,在我的自责与渴望作斗争时悄悄地流走了。在这几个小时里,我把玩着手枪,考虑着我的选择是“生存还是死亡”。我给了自己许多活下去的理由:他只是能量的形式而已,既然能量变成的鸡或猪我会毫不犹豫地吃掉它,那么我为什么不能吃掉同样是能量产物的人?
  终于,我不得不面对他了,这时我才发现我所有的理由在他面前是如此无力。我能怎么样,先和他讲道理,说服他成为我的午餐?不行。我已经准备好一言不发就一枪打死他,我以为这样我就会心安一些。
  然而,他却先发话了。
  他似乎像我还饱食终日时的样子,带着满脸恶意的笑,悠闲地踱过来:“我知道你想干什么。你是不是希望我不会恨你?当然,我知道你是迫不得已。”我简直要感动了。“当然,我是克隆出来的,我比你后出生,你手上有枪,所以是我做午餐而不是你。对了,不要忘了把我的肠子灌上肉做成香肠,这样不容易变质。”他幸灾乐祸地说,仿佛一切与他无关。这个混蛋,他最了解我心灵上的弱点,他知道,他的话会永远在我心中铭刻,成为我一生的噩梦。
  他的眼中闪着恶毒的笑。我开始恨他了,他应是受害者,而我将是杀人者。他已经决心要用最后的机会加深我的痛苦,这正是我的一贯作风。我希望他也能尝一下痛苦的滋味,哪怕以我的生命为代价也在所不惜。于是我决定了。
  我尽量保持情绪稳定:“你看,我们真是一模一样,所以,我们应该有相同的机会。”他沉默不语。“我们都应该有活下去的机会。”我知道他无法拒绝,“来,赌一局吧。”我抓起手枪,塞进一粒子弹,拨了一下转轮。这是一种古老而残酷的赌博,最多在六枪之内,子弹会穿透我们其中一个的头颅,把我们中的一个变成一具尸体,一块肉,一堆食品。活下去的一个会在良心与人性的夹攻下,承受着痛苦,啃着“自己”的骨头,喝着“自己”的血。其实我也说不清楚,哪一种结局更好。
  他苦笑起来:“好吧,你知道我无法拒绝。”他走过来,拿起枪,我们四目相对,心灵似乎瞬间经历了许多沧桑。“我先来,毕竟我是一个克隆人。”他把手枪顶住太阳穴。真的,我们都不会知道死亡会在第几枪时发生,会落在谁的头上;但都知道,我们中必须死掉一个。死亡也许就在第一枪……
  他突然想起了还没有遗言,又说:“如果是我死,你不要害怕,我不会怪你。吃下去,一切为了生存嘛。”我回敬道:“如果是我,你可不要浪费呀!”我们都笑了,只是泪水也都流了下来……
  也许,一个好的故事不一定需要结局,但我希望故事是完整的。
  当四个月过去后,我已经记不清有几次这样的赌博,也不知道我究竟还是不是最初的我。我只知道,外面几个简陋的土堆里埋着许多“我”的残骸。只知道最初的我在“赌博”中活下来机会是很小的,因为逃过一次,还有第二次在等待。我只知道一切为了生存是我铭刻在心的信念。
  远处,传来了救援飞船的轰鸣。
  一个噩梦终于结束了,但我知道,另一个永远的梦魇才刚刚开始……

Letter from Steve Jobs

2011.08.25

To the Apple Board of Directors and the Apple Community:

I have always said if there ever came a day when I could no longer meet my duties and expectations as Apple’s CEO, I would be the first to let you know. Unfortunately, that day has come.

I hereby resign as CEO of Apple. I would like to serve, if the Board sees fit, as Chairman of the Board, director and Apple employee.

As far as my successor goes, I strongly recommend that we execute our succession plan and name Tim Cook as CEO of Apple.

I believe Apple’s brightest and most innovative days are ahead of it. And I look forward to watching and contributing to its success in a new role.

I have made some of the best friends of my life at Apple, and I thank you all for the many years of being able to work alongside you.

Steve

Live Not By Lies 活着,并且不撒谎

2011.08.07

作者:[俄罗斯]亚历山大·索尔仁尼琴Alexander Solzhenitsyn

原载1974年2月18日《华盛顿邮报》,A26版

At one time we dared not even to whisper. Now we write and read samizdat, and sometimes when we gather in the smoking room at the Science Institute we complain frankly to one another: What kind of tricks are they playing on us, and where are they dragging us? gratuitous boasting of cosmic achievements while there is poverty and destruction at home. Propping up remote, uncivilized regimes. Fanning up civil war. And we recklessly fostered Mao Tse-tung at our expense– and it will be we who are sent to war against him, and will have to go. Is there any way out? And they put on trial anybody they want and they put sane people in asylums–always they, and we are powerless.

有一段时间,我们不敢说话,只是偷偷地通过地下出版物交流思想。我们偶尔会聚在科学院的吸烟室,互相抱怨:“政府到底在玩什么把戏?到底想把我们怎样?”周围是铺天盖地的对全宇宙最高成就的吹嘘,而现实中的贫穷和堕落却随处可见。这个政府还扶植那些落后国家的傀儡政府,煽动内战。我们还傻乎乎地出钱,把毛泽东培育起来。最终,还是我们这些人被送上战场,去与他作战,他们逼着你去。我们有出路吗?他们想审判谁,就审判谁。他们把正常人关进疯人院。他们掌握一切,我们无能为力。

Things have almost reached rock bottom. A universal spiritual death has already touched us all, and physical death will soon flare up and consume us both and our children–but as before we still smile in a cowardly way and mumble without tounges tied. But what can we do to stop it? We haven’t the strength?

情况已经糟到不能再糟了。一场全面性的精神死亡,正降临到我们所有人头上。肉体的死亡很快也会来临,我们和我们的子孙都无路可逃。但是我们一如既往,还在怯弱地装出笑容,毫不费力地表示顺从。我们能够阻止这一切吗?我们真的没有力量吗?

We have been so hopelessly dehumanized that for today’s modest ration of food we are willing to abandon all our principles, our souls, and all the efforts of our predecessors and all opportunities for our descendants–but just don’t disturb our fragile existence. We lack staunchness, pride and enthusiasm. We don’t even fear universal nuclear death, and we don’t fear a third world war. We have already taken refuge in the crevices. We just fear acts of civil courage.

为了得到自己那份吃不饱的口粮,我们无可救药地就把人性抛弃了,把我们所有的原则、我们的灵魂、前人的所有抗争、后人的所有机会都抛弃了,只为了让自己能够可怜地生存下去。我们缺乏忠诚、自豪感和热忱。我们不害怕核武器,也不害怕第三次世界大战,我们已经是废墟中的难民了。我们只害怕作为一个公民,做出有勇气的行为。

We fear only to lag behind the herd and to take a step alone-and suddenly find ourselves without white bread, without heating gas and without a Moscow registration.

我们害怕落在人群的后面,走出自己独立的一步。我们害怕一夜之间就失去了面包、失去了暖气、失去了莫斯科的户口。

We have been indoctrinated in political courses, and in just the same way was fostered the idea to live comfortably, and all will be well for the rest of our lives. You can’t escape your environment and social conditions. Everyday life defines consciousness. What does it have to do with us? We can’t do anything about it?

我们一直在各种政治学习中被洗脑,一直被教导要活得顺从,你想要好好活着就要听话。个人无法逃脱他的时代和社会。每天的生活都在考验一个人的良知。他们想把我们怎么样?我们真的无能无力吗?

But we can–everything. But we lie to ourselves for assurance. And it is not they who are to blame for everything-we ourselves, only we. One can object: But actually toy can think anything you like. Gags have been stuffed into our mouths. Nobody wants to listen to us and nobody asks us. How can we force them to listen? It is impossible to change their minds.

不,我们可以的,可以做到每件事。但是为了不自找麻烦,我们宁愿对自己撒谎。该被谴责的人,不是他们,而是我们自己。但是,你能够做到反对,即使一个傀儡也能自由思想。我们的嘴被封住了,没人想听我们的意见,也没人来问我们。我们怎样才能强迫他们倾听我们的声音?改变他们的心意是不可能的。

It would be natural to vote them out of office-but there are not elections in our country. In the West people know about strikes and protest demonstrations-but we are too oppressed, and it is a horrible prospect for us: How can one suddenly renounce a job and take to the streets? Yet the other fatal paths probed during the past century by our bitter Russian history are, nevertheless, not for us, and truly we don’t need them.

在选举中,不把票投给他们是很自然的想法。但是我们的国家没有选举。在西方,人们可以罢工和上街抗议,但是在我们这里,这些是被镇压的。对我们来说,有些事情哪怕只是想一想,都很恐怖,要是一个人突然辞去工作,走上街头,会怎样?上个世纪,在俄罗斯苦难的历史中,人们尝试过其他更激进的道路,但是这些道路对我们不合适,我们真的不需要这些方法。

Now that the axes have done their work, when everything which was sown has sprouted anew, we can see that the young and presumptuous people who thought they would make out country just and happy through terror, bloody rebellion and civil war were themselves misled. No thanks, fathers of education! Now we know that infamous methods breed infamous results. Let our hands be clean!

靠斧头办事的年代已经过去了,现在的一切与以前完全不同了,只有那些少不更事和自以为是的人,才会以为通过恐怖主义可以达到目的。流血的暴动和内战都已经行不通了。如果有人还要教导我们这样做,我们只能说谢谢。现在我们知道,坏的方法只会导致坏的结果。请让我们保持清白!

The circle–is it closed? And is there really no way out? And is there only one thing left for us to do, to wait without taking action? Maybe something will happen by itself? It will never happen as long as we daily acknowledge, extol, and strengthen–and do not sever ourselves from–the most perceptible of its aspects: Lies.

出口是不是已经关上了?真的没有其他路出去吗?我们是不是只能眼睁睁地坐着不动?幻想美好的结果会自然而然地发生?只要我们日复一日地选择接受谎言、赞美谎言、加强谎言(而不是与它决裂),那么就不会有不一样的事情发生,生活就不会有任何不同。

When violence intrudes into peaceful life, its face glows with self-confidence, as if it were carrying a banner and shouting: “I am violence. Run away, make way for me–I will crush you.” But violence quickly grows old. And it has lost confidence in itself, and in order to maintain a respectable face it summons falsehood as its ally–since violence lays its ponderous paw not every day and not on every shoulder. It demands from us only obedience to lies and daily participation in lies–all loyalty lies in that.

起初,暴政刚刚出现的时候,它的脸上洋溢着自信,好像挥舞着旗帜,高喊:“我是暴政。滚开,为我让路。我将捏死你们。”但是,暴政很快就会衰老,对自己失去自信,为了维持脸面,它只好找到谎言作为同盟,因为它无力将可怕的爪牙每时每刻放在每个人的肩头。它要求我们服从谎言,要求我们永久性成为谎言的一份子。这就是它所要求的全部忠诚。

And the simplest and most accessible key to our self-neglected liberation lies right here: Personal non-participation in lies. Though lies conceal everything, though lies embrace everything, but not with any help from me.

要想找回我们自暴自弃的自由,最简单、最容易的方法就是,你作为个人绝不参与谎言。虽然谎言遮天蔽日,无处不在,但是休想从我这里得到支持。

This opens a breach in the imaginary encirclement caused by our inaction. It is the easiest thing to do for us, but the most devastating for the lies. Because when people renounce lies it simply cuts short their existence. Like an infection, they can exist only in a living organism.

只要我们不合作,铁筒一般的包围圈就有一个缺口。这是我们能做到的最简单的事情,但是对于谎言,却是最具有毁灭性。因为只要人们不说谎,谎言就无法存在。它就像一种传染病,只活在那些愿意说谎的人身上。

We do not exhort ourselves. We have not sufficiently matured to march into the squares and shout the truth our loud or to express aloud what we think. It’s not necessary.

我们并不做出激烈的举动。情况还没有成熟到,可以允许我们走上广场,大声喊出真相,或者大声表达我们的心声的地步。这样做是不必要的。

It’s dangerous. But let us refuse to say that which we do not think.

虽然有危险,但是让我们拒绝说出我们不认同的话。

This is our path, the easiest and most accessible one, which takes into account out inherent cowardice, already well rooted. And it is much easier–it’s dangerous even to say this–than the sort of civil disobedience which Gandhi advocated.

这就是我们的道路,最为简单易行,只需要我们重新审视内在的、已经植根于我们天性之中的怯弱就行了。它比甘地提倡的不合作主义,还要容易做到得多,虽然这样说并不可取。

Our path is to talk away from the gangrenous boundary. If we did not paste together the dead bones and scales of ideology, if we did not sew together the rotting rags, we would be astonished how quickly the lies would be rendered helpless and subside.

我们的道路,就是不说那些已经烂掉的东西。只要我们不把已经死亡的意识形态的骨骸重新拼起来,只要我们不把烂麻袋重新缝起来,我们就会看到,谎言枯萎和崩溃的速度是多么惊人。

That which should be naked would then really appear naked before the whole world.

让那些原来就该暴露的东西,赤裸裸地暴露在全世界面前。

So in our timidity, let each of us make a choice: Whether consciously, to remain a servant of falsehood–of course, it is not out of inclination, but to feed one’s family, that one raises his children in the spirit of lies–or to shrug off the lies and become an honest man worthy of respect both by one’s children and contemporaries.

虽然我们每个人都是胆怯的,但是让我们做出一个选择。要么你自觉地作为一个谎言的仆人(当然,这并非由于你赞成谎言,而是由于你要养家,你不得不在谎言之中把孩子们养大),要么你就脱掉谎言的外套,变成一个忠实于自己的人,得到你的孩子和同时代人的尊重。

And from that day onward he:

从今以后,你

* Will not henceforth write, sign, or print in any way a single phrase which in his opinion distorts the truth.

* 不以任何方式书写、签署、发表任何一句在你看来不是真话的句子。

* Will utter such a phrase neither in private conversation not in the presence of many people, neither on his own behalf not at the prompting of someone else, either in the role of agitator, teacher, educator, not in a theatrical role.

* 不在私下或公开场合,以宣传、指导、教授、文艺演出的形式,自己说出或鼓动他人说出,任何一句在你看来不是真话的句子。

* Will not depict, foster or broadcast a single idea which he can only see is false or a distortion of the truth whether it be in painting, sculpture, photography, technical science, or music.

* 不描述、培育、传播任何一个你认为是谎言或是歪曲真相的思想,不管它的形式是绘画、雕塑、摄影、科技、或者音乐。

* Will not cite out of context, either orally or written, a single quotation so as to please someone, to feather his own nest, to achieve success in his work, if he does not share completely the idea which is quoted, or if it does not accurately reflect the matter at issue.

* 不以口头或书面的形式,不为了个人利益或个人成功,引用任何一句取悦他人的话,除非你完全认同你所要引用的话,或者它确实准确反映了实情。

* Will not allow himself to be compelled to attend demonstrations or meetings if they are contrary to his desire or will, will neither take into hand not raise into the air a poster or slogan which he does not completely accept.

* 不参加任何违背你心意的集会或游行,也不举手赞同任何一个你不完全接受标语或口号。

* Will not raise his hand to vote for a proposal with which he does not sincerely sympathize, will vote neither openly nor secretly for a person whom he considers unworthy or of doubtful abilities.

* 不举手为任何一个你不真心支持的提议背书,不公开或秘密投票给任何一个你觉得不值得或怀疑其能力的人。

* Will not allow himself to be dragged to a meeting where there can be expected a forced or distorted discussion of a question.

* 不同意被拉去参加任何一场可能强奸民意或歪曲事实的讨论会。

* Will immediately talk out of a meeting, session, lecture, performance or film showing if he hears a speaker tell lies, or purvey ideological nonsense or shameless propaganda.

* 如果听到任何一个发言者公然说谎,或者传播意识形态垃圾和无耻的洗脑宣传,你应当立即退出该会议、讲座、演出、或者电影放映场合。

* Will not subscribe to or buy a newspaper or magazine in which information is distorted and primary facts are concealed.

* 不订阅或购买任何歪曲事实或者隐瞒真相的报纸或杂志。

Of course we have not listed all of the possible and necessary deviations from falsehood. But a person who purifies himself will easily distinguish other instances with his purified outlook.

当然,我们不可能罗列全所有可能的和现实中的谎言的变种。但是,一个纯洁地活着的人,应该可以很容易的看出什么是真的,什么是假的。

No, it will not be the same for everybody at first. Some, at first, will lose their jobs. For young people who want to live with truth, this will, in the beginning, complicate their young lives very much, because the required recitations are stuffed with lies, and it is necessary to make a choice.

如果你这样选择,那么从一开始,你的生活就将发生巨变。对于某些人来说,他们很快就会失去工作。对于那些想寻找真相的年轻人,他们的青春岁月很快就将变得非常坎坷,因为要求背诵的内容中充满了谎言,你不得不做出选择。

But there are no loopholes for anybody who wants to be honest. On any given day any one of us will be confronted with at least one of the above-mentioned choices even in the most secure of the technical sciences. Either truth or falsehood: Toward spiritual independence or toward spiritual servitude.

对于所有那些想要诚实生活的人,是没有第三条路的。任何一天,我们中的任何一个人,都面临着至少一种上述选择,即使是在最没有意识形态色彩的科技领域也是如此。要么选择真相,要么选择谎言,要么选择精神的独立,要么选择精神的奴役。

And he who is not sufficiently courageous even to defend his soul- don’t let him be proud of his “progressive” views,and don’t let him boast that he is an academician or a people’s artist, a merited figure, or a general–let him say to himself: I am in the herd, and a coward. It’s all the same to me as long as I’m fed and warm.

任何一个胆小到不敢捍卫自己灵魂的人,就不配说自己有“进步的”观点,就不配自称为学者、艺术家、将军、或者其他尊称。他只能对自己说:“我是一个听话的人,我是一个懦夫。只要能够吃饱穿暖,让我说什么做什么都可以。”

Even this path, which is the most modest of all paths of resistance, will not be easy for us. But it is much easier than self-immolation or a hunger strike: The flames will not envelope your body, your eyeballs, will not burst from the heat, and brown bread and clean water will always be available to your family.

即使这样一种反抗是所有反抗中最轻微的,也是很不容易做到的。但是,它还是比自我牺牲或者绝食要容易得多,你的身体和你的眼睛不会受到伤害,你家不会被断暖气,也不会被切断面包和清洁的饮用水的供应。

A great people of Europe, the Czhechoslovaks, whom we betrayed and deceived: Haven’t they shown us how a vulnerable breast can stand up even against tanks if there is a worthy heart within it?

捷克斯洛伐克人民是欧洲伟大的人民,我们背叛和欺骗了他们。他们向我们证明了,只要有一颗勇敢的心,即使最柔弱的躯体,也是能够站起来对抗坦克的。(译注:此处指1968年的布拉克之春。)

You say it will not be easy? But it will be easiest of all possible resources. It will not be an easy choice for a body, but it is only one for a soul. No, it is not an easy path. But there are already people, even dozens of them, who over the years have maintained all these points and live by the truth.

你说这样做很困难?但它是所有可能的方法中最容易的一种。对于你的肉体,这不是一个容易的选择;但是对于你的灵魂,这是唯一的选择。已经有这样的人,数量甚至已经达到了几十个,他们已经坚持上面的标准许多年,只说真话而活着。

So you will not be the first to take this path, but will join those who have already taken it. This path will be easier and shorter for all of us if we take it by mutual efforts and in close rank. If there are thousands of us, they will not be able to do anything with us. If there are tens of thousands of us, then we would not even recognize our country.

所以,你不是第一个采用这种方法的人,你将成为已经这样做的人们中的一员。如果我们共同努力,密切合作,这条道路将变得更容易和更短一些,对我们所有人都是如此。如果这样的人达到了几千个,他们就对我们无计可施。如果这样的人达到了几万个,那么我们将发现我们的国家变得完全不一样了。

If we are too frightened, then we should stop complaining that someone is suffocating us. We ourselves are doing it. let us then bow down even more, let us wait, and our brothers the biologists will help to bring nearer the day when they are able to read our thoughts are worthless and hopeless.

如果我们被吓破了胆,那么我们就不要再抱怨,别人在压迫我们,是我们自己在这样做。我们只好弯下腰等着,让生物学家把我们的猴子兄弟变得更进化一些,等到那一天,它们可以读懂我们的思想是多么的没有价值和没有希望。

And if we get cold feet, even taking this step, then we are worthless and hopeless, and the scorn of Pushkin should be directed to us:

如果我们临阵退缩,连不参与撒谎都不敢做,那么我们就是没有价值和没有希望的。普希金的讽刺用在我们头上正合适:

“Why should cattle have the gifts of freedom?

“为什么要给畜牲自由?”

“Their heritage from generation to generation is the belled yoke and the lash.”

“它们一代代的命运就是套上枷锁,接受鞭挞。”

(完)